The prevalence and disease course of autoimmune liver diseases in Greenland.

Autoimmune liver diseases are rare serious diseases causing chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the liver parenchyma and bile ducts. Yet, the prevalence and burden of autoimmune liver diseases are largely unexplored in Arctic native populations. We investigated the prevalence and management of autoimmune liver diseases in Greenland using nationwide cross-sectional register data and subsequent medical chart reviews validating diagnoses and extracting liver histology examinations and medical treatments. The overall prevalence of autoimmune liver diseases in Greenland was 24.6 per 100,000 (95% CI: 14.7-41.3). This was based on 7 patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (12.3 per 100,000), 3 patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) (5.3 per 100,000), 4 patients with AIH/PBC overlap disease (7.0 per 100,000), and no patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. All diagnoses were confirmed by liver histology examinations. Medical treatments adhered to internal recommendations and induced complete remission in most patients with AIH, and complete or partial remission in 1 patient with PBC and 3 patients with AIH/PBC overlap disease. One patient had established cirrhosis at the time of diagnosis, while 2 patients progressed to cirrhosis. In conclusion, the prevalence of autoimmune liver diseases was lower in Greenland than in Scandinavia and among Alaska Inuit.

Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: One disease or two?

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) was declared one of the biggest unmet needs in hepatology during International Liver Congress 2016 in Berlin. Since then, not much has changed unfortunately, largely due to the still elusive pathophysiology of the disease. One of the most striking features of PSC is its association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with the majority of patients with PSC being diagnosed with extensive colitis. This review describes the epidemiology of IBD in PSC, its specific phenotype, complications and potential pathophysiological mechanisms connecting the two diseases. Whether PSC is merely an extra-intestinal manifestation of IBD or if PSC and IBD are two distinct diseases that happen to share a common susceptibility that leads to a dual phenotype is debated. Implications for the management of the two diseases together are also discussed. Overall, this review summarises the available data in PSC-IBD and discusses whether PSC and IBD are one or two disease(s).

Autoimmune liver diseases and diabetes: A propensity score matched analysis and a proportional meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with some chronic liver diseases have increased risk of diabetes. Whether this is also the case for patients with autoimmune liver diseases is unknown. The study aimed to calculate risk and worldwide prevalence of diabetes in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). METHODS: We performed a case-control study using data from the United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) and compared frequency of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in AIH and PBC with age-, sex-, BMI- and ethnicity-matched controls. Next, we performed a systematic review and proportional meta-analysis searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science (inception to 1 May 2022 [AIH]; 20 August 2022 [PBC]; 11 November 2022 [PSC]). The pooled prevalence of diabetes was calculated using an inverse method random effects model. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-eight AIH patients and 345 PBC patients were identified in UKB and risk of T1D and T2D significantly increased compared with matched controls. Our systematic search identified 6914 records including the UKB study. Of these, 77 studies were eligible for inclusion comprising 36 467, 39 924 and 4877 individuals with AIH, PBC and PSC, respectively. The pooled prevalence of T1D was 3.8% (2.6%-5.7%), 1.7% (0.9%-3.1%), 3.1% (1.9%-4.8%) and of T2D 14.8% (11.1%-19.5%), 18.1% (14.6%-22.2%), 6.3% (2.8%-13.3%) in patients with AIH, PBC and PSC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with autoimmune liver diseases have increased risk of diabetes. Increased awareness of diabetes risk in patients with autoimmune liver diseases is warranted.

Independent of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Cirrhosis, Early Adulthood Obesity Is Associated with Cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that 6% to 20% of all cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) diagnoses are explained by primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), but the underlying risk factors in the absence of PSC are unclear. We examined associations of different risk factors with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) in the United States. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of 121 patients with ECC and 308 patients with ICC treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center between May 2014 and March 2020, compared with 1,061 healthy controls. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the adjusted OR (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each risk factor. RESULTS: Being Asian, diabetes mellitus, family history of cancer, and gallbladder stones were associated with higher odds of developing ICC and ECC. Each 1-unit increase in body mass index in early adulthood (ages 20-40 years) was associated with a decrease in age at diagnosis of CCA (6.7 months, P < 0.001; 6.1 months for ICC, P = 0.001; 8.2 months for ECC, P = 0.007). A family history of cancer was significantly associated with the risk of ICC and ECC development; the AORs (95% CI) were 1.11 (1.06-1.48) and 1.32 (1.01-2.00) for ICC and ECC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, early adulthood onset of obesity was significantly associated with CCA and may predict early diagnosis at younger age than normal weight individuals. IMPACT: The study highlights the association between obesity and CCA, independent of PSC. There is a need to consider the mechanistic pathways of obesity in the absence of fatty liver and cirrhosis.

Prevalence of autoimmune, cholestatic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in celiac disease.

BACKGROUND: While there is higher prevalence of autoimmune, cholestatic and fatty liver disease in celiac disease (CeD), most data is from small-scale studies. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of the same using large cohort data. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using Explorys, a multi-institutional database. Prevalence and risk factors of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in CeD were assessed. RESULTS: Out of 70 352 325 subjects, 136 735 had CeD (0.19%). The prevalence of AIH (0.32%), PBC (0.15%), PSC (0.004%) and NAFLD (0.7%) were high in CeD. After adjusting for age, gender, Caucasian race and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-TTG), CeD subjects had higher odds of AIH [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.32-7.89] and PBC (aOR 4.16, 95% CI 3.46-5.0). Even after adjusting for CeD, anti-TTG positivity concurred with higher odds of AIH (aOR 4.79, 95% CI 3.88-5.92) and PBC (aOR 9.22, 95% CI 7.03-12.1). After adjusting for age, gender, Caucasian race, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome, there was higher prevalence of NAFLD in CeD, with the aOR in the presence of DM type 1 being 2.1 (95% CI 1.96-2.25), and in the presence of DM type 2 being 2.92 (95% CI 2.72-3.14). CONCLUSION: Subjects with CeD are more likely to have AIH, PBC, PSC and NAFLD. AIH and PBC have higher odds in the presence of anti-TTG. The odds of NAFLD in CeD are high regardless of type of DM.

The role of serology, liver function tests and imaging in screening of primary sclerosing cholangitis: the HelPSCreen score.

OBJECIVES: At present, no sensitive or specific screening test exists for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). PSC screening is mainly based on elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to produce a screening score based on laboratory tests to predict the likelihood of PSC. Moreover, we evaluated the additional roles of liver histology and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the diagnosis of PSC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of 385 patients who came for their first endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) to confirm PSC diagnosis were retrieved from the PSC registry of the Helsinki University Hospital. Overall, 69 patients referred for ERC with suspected PSC, in whom PSC was excluded by ERC or liver biopsy and MRCP, served as controls. We included patients' demographics and 13 laboratory test results in the analysis. Variables with significant odds ratios were selected for multivariate logistic regression, which was used to create a novel scoring system for PSC. The presence of IBD, serum perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and ALP levels demonstrated the highest predictive value for PSC. A score was assigned for each statistically significant predictor. RESULTS: The optimal cut-off point for the score was ≥3, with an AUC of 0.83 (95%CI: 0.78-0.88). The addition of liver histology or MRCP findings to the score did not add a predictive value. CONCUSIONS: In conclusion, we created a novel, simple scoring system to screen the probability of PSC. The HelPSCreen-score may help to assess the disease prevalence and to target further investigations in patients suspected of PSC.

Incidence and adverse clinical events of primary sclerosing cholangitis with ulcerative colitis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to conduct a nationwide population-based study to estimate the incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC-PSC) and investigate healthcare use, medication use, surgery, cancer, and death as adverse clinical events of UC-PSC. METHODS: We identified incident cases of UC with (UC-PSC) or without PSC (UC-alone) between 2008 and 2018 using health insurance claims data in Korea. Univariate (crude hazard ratio (HR)) and multivariate analyses were performed to compare the risk of adverse clinical events between groups. RESULTS: A total of 14,406 patients with UC using population-based claims data were detected in the cohort. Overall, 3.38% (487/14,406) of patients developed UC-PSC. During a mean follow-up duration of approximately 5.92 years, the incidence of PSC in patients with UC was 185 per 100,000 person-years. The UC-PSC group showed statistically more frequent healthcare use (hospitalization and emergency department visits: HRs, 5.986 and 9.302, respectively; P < .001), higher immunomodulator and biologic use (azathioprine, infliximab, and adalimumab: HRs, 2.061, 3.457, and 3.170, respectively; P < .001), and higher surgery rate (operation for intestinal obstruction, and colectomy: HRs, 9.728 and 2.940, respectively; P < .001) than did the UC-alone group. The UC-PSC group also showed significantly higher colorectal cancer and biliary tract cancer (HRs, 2.799 and 36.343, respectively; P < .001) and mortality (HR, 4.257) rates than did the UC-alone group. CONCLUSION: Patients with UC-PSC have higher risks of colorectal cancer, biliary tract cancer, and death than do patients with UC-alone. Although considered a rare disease, managing this complex and costly disease requires recognition of the impact of increased burden on healthcare services.

Colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis is not associated to future diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a hepatobiliary disease closely related to ulcerative colitis (UC). In PSC patients, colectomy has been linked to improved prognosis, especially following liver transplantation. This suggests an involvement of the gut-liver axis in PSC etiology. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the association between colectomy and the risk of future PSC in an epidemiological setting. METHOD: Through nationwide registers, we identified all adults diagnosed with UC in Sweden 1990-2018 and retrieved information on PSC diagnosis and colectomy. Within the UC cohort (n = 61,993 patients), we matched 5577 patients with colectomy to 15,078 without colectomy. Matching criteria were sex, age at UC onset (±5 years), year of UC onset (±3 years), and proctitis at the time of colectomy. Incidence rates of PSC per 1000-person year were calculated, and the Cox proportional hazard regression model estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for PSC until 31 December 2019. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 190 (3.4%) colectomized UC patients and 450 (3.0%) UC comparators developed PSC, yielding incidence rates of 2.6 and 2.4 per 1000 person-years (HR 1.07 [95% CI 0.90-1.28]). The cumulative incidence of colectomy decreased remarkably over calendar periods, but the cumulative incidence of PSC remained unchanged. The risk of developing PSC in colectomized versus comparators changed over time (HR 0.68 [95% CI; 0.48-0.96] in 1990-97 and HR 2.10 [95% CI; 1.37-3.24] in 2011-18). CONCLUSIONS: In UC patients, colectomy was not associated with a decreased risk of subsequent PSC. The observed differences in the risk of PSC development over calendar periods are likely due to changes in PSC-diagnosis and UC-treatment.

Health-related quality of life in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: A longitudinal population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Data regarding health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are sparse and have only been studied cross-sectionally in a disease which runs a fluctuating and unpredictable course. We aim to describe HRQoL longitudinally by using repeated measurements in a population-based cohort. METHODS: Every 3 months from May 2017 up to August 2020, patients received digital questionnaires at home. These included the EQ-5D, 5-D Itch, patient-based SCCAI and patient-based HBI. The SF-36, measuring HRQoL over eight dimensions as well as a physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) score, was sent annually. Data were compared with Dutch reference data and a matched IBD disease control from the population-based POBASIC cohort. Mixed-effects modelling was performed to identify factors associated with HRQoL. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-eight patients completed 2576 questionnaires. A significant reduction of small clinical relevance in several mean HRQoL scores was found compared with the Dutch reference population: 46.4 versus 48.0, p = .018 for PCS and 47.5 versus 50.5, p = .004 for MCS scores. HRQoL outcomes were significantly negatively associated with coexisting active IBD (PCS -12.2, p < .001 and MCS -12.0, p < .001), which was not the case in case of quiescent IBD. Decreasing HRQoL scores were also negatively associated with increasing age (PCS -0.1 per 10 years, p = .002), female sex (PCS -2.8, p < .001), diagnosis of AIH overlap (PCS -3.7, p = .059), end-stage liver disease (PCS -3.7, p = .015) and presence of itch (PCS -9.2, p < .001 and MCS -3.1, p = .078). The odds of reporting a clinically relevant reduction in EQ-5D scores showed seasonal variation, being lowest in summer (OR = 0.48 relative to spring, p = .037). In patients with liver transplant, HRQoL outcomes were comparable to the Dutch general population. CONCLUSIONS: PSC patients report impaired HRQoL of small clinical relevance compared with the general population. After liver transplantation, HRQoL scores are at comparable levels to the general population. HRQoL scores are associated with potentially modifiable factors such as itch and IBD activity.

Reducing relapse through maintenance steroid treatment can decrease the cancer risk in patients with IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis: Based on a Japanese nationwide study.

OBJECTIVE: IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is recognized as a benign steroid-responsive disease; however, little is known about the risk of development of cancer in patients with IgG4-SC and about how to counter this risk. DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective review of the data of 924 patients with IgG4-SC selected from a Japanese nationwide survey. The incidence, type of malignancy, and risk of malignancy in these patients were examined. Then, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of cancer in patients with IgG4-SC was calculated. RESULTS: Relapse was recognized in 19.7% (182/924) of patients, and cancer development was noted in 15% (139/924) of patients. Multivariate analysis identified only relapse as an independent risk factor for the development of cancer. In most of these patients with pancreato-biliary cancer, the cancer developed within 8 years after the diagnosis of IgG4-SC. The SIR for cancer after the diagnosis of IgG4-SC was 12.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.89-8.79). The SIRs of cancers involving the biliary system and pancreas were 27.35 and 18.43, respectively. The cumulative survival rate was significantly better in the group that received maintenance steroid treatment (MST) than in the group that did not; thus, MST influenced the prognosis of these patients. CONCLUSION: Among the cancers, the risk of pancreatic and biliary cancers is the highest in these patients. Because of the elevated cancer risk, surveillance after the diagnosis and management to prevent relapse are important in patients with IgG4-SC to reduce the risk of development of cancer.

Recent Insights into Pediatric Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

This article reviews recent literature on the pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, comorbidities, natural history, and management of pediatric primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The authors shed light on the role of genetic and environmental factors in PSC, although recognize the limitations in the understanding of PSC pathogenesis. They reflect on presenting disease phenotypes, including the association with inflammatory bowel disease and frequent histologic presence of autoimmune hepatitis features. The current lack of effective medications is discussed, and disease complications and prognosis are described. Finally, the authors highlight available evidence while acknowledging the paucity of prospective pediatric data.

Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Previous studies have established an association between primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). The disease burden of IBD in PSC patients was not well estimated. The study aimed to quantify the pooled prevalence of IBD in PSC and to investigate whether subtypes of PSC and sex influence the prevalence of IBD. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched through November 2021 for studies reporting data on IBD among PSC patients. The outcomes were the prevalence of IBD in patients with PSC, as well as the association (odds ratio [OR]) of IBD in PSC according to subtype and sex. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of 25 studies, the prevalence of IBD in patients with PSC was 71.1% (95% CI 68.2-75.1%), most commonly in UC (55.9%, 95% CI 52.5-59.3%). The pooled prevalence of IBD was 76.9% in Australia (95% CI 71.2-82.6%, 1 study), 75.9% (95% CI 69.5-82.3%, 4 studies) in North America, 70.9% (95% CI 65.8-76.0%, 17 studies) in Europe and 67.0% (95% CI 57.9-76.0%, 2 studies) in Asia. Male PSC patients had a higher prevalence of IBD (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.52-1.83) and UC (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.56-2.63) and a lower prevalence of CD (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67-0.88) than female patients. Large duct PSC patients had a higher prevalence of IBD (OR 2.57, 95% CI 2.03-3.25) and UC (OR 4.51, 95% CI 1.22-16.71) than small duct PSC patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided the first pooled estimates of the burden of IBD in patients with PSC and could be used as the basis for risk stratification of PSC patients.

Epidemiology and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis: an Australian multicentre retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Little is known regarding the epidemiology and outcomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in Australia. We, therefore, evaluated the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of PSC in a large cohort of Australian patients and compared these to the general population. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective cohort study of PSC patients at nine tertiary liver centers across three Australian states, including two liver transplant centers. RESULTS: A total of 413 PSC patients with 3,285 person-years of follow-up were included. Three hundred and seventy-one (90%) patients had large duct PSC and 294 (71%) had associated inflammatory bowel disease. A total of 168 (41%) patients developed cirrhosis (including 34 at the time of PSC diagnosis) after a median of 15.8 (95% CI 12.4, NA) years. The composite endpoint of death or liver transplantation occurred in 49 (12%) and 78 (19%) patients, respectively, with a median transplant-free survival of 13.4 (95% CI 12.2-15) years. Compared to the general population, PSC accounted for a 240-fold increased risk of development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and CCA-related death. CCA risk was increased with older age of PSC diagnosis, presence of dominant stricture and colectomy. Compared to same-aged counterparts in the general population, PSC patients who were diagnosed at an older age or with longer disease duration had reduced relative survival. CONCLUSION: In this large retrospective cohort study of PSC patients in Australia, increased age and time from diagnosis was associated with increased mortality and morbidity particularly from CCA and development of cirrhosis, necessitating need for liver transplant.

Clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease and impact on liver disease outcomes in patients with autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) is a childhood sclerosing cholangitis frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We describe the IBD phenotype in ASC patients and associated liver disease outcomes. METHODS: Single center retrospective observational review of ASC patients, with a control population of pediatric IBD. Demographic and clinical parameters were obtained. Clinical endpoints were escalation of IBD therapy (biologic or colectomy) and transplant-free survival. RESULTS: In 93 ASC patients (53.8% female) and median follow up of 172 months: 70% had IBD, 25.8% underwent liver transplant. Median age at liver transplant was 21.7 years, at 131 months from ASC diagnosis. There was no association between presence of IBD and transplant-free survival, whilst those requiring second-line immunomodulators for ASC had poorer long-term liver prognosis. During follow-up 22 (33.8%) ASC-IBD required biologic or colectomy. On multivariate analysis ASC was associated with a lower risk of escalation of IBD therapy (HR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.42; P=.001), including biologic therapy (HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.55, P=.002), but not colectomy on univariate analysis (HR 1.54, 95% CI 0.43-5.44, P=.51). CONCLUSIONS: IBD is common in ASC and during longterm follow up a third of ASC-IBD required escalation of IBD therapy; however ASC-IBD was lower risk compared to IBD alone. IBD does not appear to impact on transplant-free survival in patients with ASC, however second-line immunomodulators for ASC are associated with poorer IBD and liver outcomes.

Risk of hepato-pancreato-biliary cancer is increased by primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is continued uncertainty regarding the risks of hepato-pancreato-biliary cancers in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with or without concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). OBJECTIVE: To give updated estimates on risk of hepato-pancreato-biliary cancers in patients with IBD, including pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gall bladder cancer, and intra - and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: In a population-based cohort study, we included all patients diagnosed with IBD in Norway and Sweden from 1987 to 2016. The cohort comprised of 141,960 patients, identified through hospital databases and the National Patient Register. Participants were followed through linkage to national cancer, cause of death, and population registries. We calculated absolute risk and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of hepato-pancreato-biliary cancers by PSC and other clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 141,960 IBD patients, 3.2% were diagnosed with PSC. During a median follow-up of 10.0 years, we identified 443 biliary tract cancers (SIR 5.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.8-5.7), 161 hepatocellular carcinomas (SIR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0-2.7) and 282 pancreatic cancers (SIR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.5). The relative risks were considerably higher in PSC-IBD patients, with SIR of 140 (95% CI 123-159) for biliary tract, 38.6 (95% CI 29.2-50.0) for hepatocellular, and 9.0 (95% CI 6.3-12.6) for pancreatic cancer. The SIRs were still slightly increased in non-PSC-IBD patients, compared to the general population. For biliary tract cancer, the cumulative probability at 25 years was 15.6% in PSC-IBD patients, and 0.4% in non-PSC-IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS: The dramatically increased risks of hepato-pancreato-biliary cancers in PSC-IBD patients support periodic surveillance for these malignancies. While much lower, the excess relative risks in non-PSC-IBD patients were not trivial compared to non-IBD related risk factors.

Clinical aspects and prognosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease associated with autoimmune liver diseases.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions that may be accompanied by autoimmune liver disease (AILD), most commonly primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of patients with IBD associated with AILD and compare a PSC group with a non-PSC group. METHODS: Medical records of patients with IBD associated with PSC, autoimmune cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, small-duct PSC, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and overlapping syndromes were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were included: 48 (88.9%) had ulcerative colitis and six (11.1%) had Crohn's disease; 35 (64.8%) had PSC and 19 (35.2%) did not have PSC. There was no difference in outcomes (surgical treatment for IBD, liver transplantation or death) between the groups. Time since the diagnosis of IBD was associated with surgical treatment of IBD (p=0.041; OR: 1.139, 95% CI: 1.006-1.255). Time since the diagnosis of AILD (p=0.003; OR: 1.259, 95% CI: 1.1-1.396), as well as portal hypertension at diagnosis (p=0.014; OR: 18.22, 95% CI: 1.815-182.96), were associated with liver transplantation. In addition, previous diagnosis of AIH was associated with de novo IBD (p=0.012; OR: 7.1, 95% CI: 1.215-42.43). CONCLUSION: Both groups had similar disease behaviour. A longer time since the diagnosis of IBD increased the risk for surgical treatment (13.9%/year). A 25.9%/year increase in liver transplantation was observed after the diagnosis of AILD, which was increased 18.22 times by the presence of portal hypertension. In addition, the diagnosis of AIH was associated with an increase in the number of diagnoses of de novo IBD (7.1).

Characteristics and impact of sex in a cohort of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: Experience of a transplant center in the Mediterranean basin. / Características e impacto del sexo en una cohorte de pacientes con colangitis esclerosante primaria: experiencia de un centro trasplantador de la cuenca mediterránea.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare cholestatic liver disease that typically affects middle-aged men with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, recent studies point out to epidemiological changes. Our aim was to determine if the epidemiology, clinical course and outcome of patients with PSC followed at a reference hepatology center resemble what is described in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective search of patients with a diagnosis of PSC treated in our center between 2000 and 2019. RESULTS: Cohort of 55 patients (mean age: 37 years), 44% women. Most were large duct type (79%). Most diagnoses were made after 2011. At time of diagnosis, 63% of patients were asymptomatic. The median time from suspicion to diagnosis was 2 years. After a mean follow-up time of 7 years, one third developed cirrhosis, and 25% required liver transplantation (LT); among these, the disease recurred in almost half. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was present in 45%, especially UC. Although statistical significance was not reached, PSC in women was characterized by higher rate of asymptomatic presentation and more frequent association with UC versus other forms of IBD. Women also had more frequently cirrhosis at diagnosis and required LT more often than men. CONCLUSION: The epidemiology of PSC is changing. The number of women affected is greater than what was expected from the literature, with a recent increase in incidence. There seems to be differences between sexes in the form of presentation and disease course that should be confirmed in subsequent studies.

Incidence of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases after diagnosis with Kawasaki disease: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an immune-mediated vasculitis of childhood with multi-organ inflammation. We determined the risk of subsequent immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID), including arthritis, type 1 diabetes, IBD, autoimmune liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis and multiple sclerosis. METHODS: We conducted a matched population-based cohort study using health administrative data from Ontario, Canada. Children aged <18 years born between 1991 and 2016 diagnosed with KD (n = 3753) were matched to 5 non-KD controls from the general population (n = 18 749). We determined the incidence of IMIDs after resolution of KD. Three- and 12-month washout periods were used to exclude KD-related symptoms. RESULTS: There was an elevated risk of arthritis in KD patients compared with non-KD controls, starting 3 months after index date [103.0 vs 12.7 per 100 000 person-years (PYs); incidence rate ratio 8.07 (95% CI 4.95, 13.2); hazard ratio 8.08 (95% CI 4.95, 13.2), resulting in the overall incidence of IMIDs being elevated in KD patients (175.1 vs 68.0 per 100 000 PYs; incidence rate ratio 2.58 (95% CI 1.93, 3.43); hazard ratio 2.58, 95% CI 1.94, 3.43]. However, there was no increased risk for diabetes, IBD, autoimmune liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis or multiple sclerosis in KD patients. Similar results were observed using a 12-month washout period. CONCLUSION: Children diagnosed with KD were at increased risk of arthritis following the acute KD event, but not other IMIDs. Health-care providers should monitor for arthritis in children following a diagnosis of KD.

Outcome of pregnancy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Data on the clinical course of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) during pregnancy remain scarce. Herein, we assessed the maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in this condition. METHODS: We reviewed 104 consecutive female outpatients with PSC using a structured questionnaire. The outcomes were assessed both before and after the diagnosis of PSC. RESULTS: In total, 62 patients (60%) reported 126 pregnancies. Of these, 25 patients reported 44 pregnancies occurring after the diagnosis of PSC. There were two (5%) pregnancies in progress, and among the completed pregnancies there were 34 (80%) live births, six (14%) miscarriages, one (2%) stillbirth, and one (2%) termination. The median neonatal APGAR score was 10, the median body weight was 3375 g and the median body length was 55 cm. In three pregnancies, there was a flare-up of inflammatory bowel disease. In 45 patients, 82 pregnancies occurred before PSC was diagnosed with comparable maternal and fetal outcomes. Out of 42 pregnancies following PSC diagnosis, in 29 UDCA was continued. There was no difference in the fetal outcomes between the UDCA and non-UDCA groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy in patients with PSC seems to be well tolerated, but should be closely monitored by an obstetrician and an experienced hepatologist.

Utility of MRCP in surveillance of primary sclerosing cholangitis associated hepatobiliary malignancy: 15 year experience at a single institution in Ontario, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is used for the surveillance of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and its associated complications. The time interval gap for subsequent follow-up MRCP is variable depending on clinical practice patterns, therefore this study was done to assess the MRCP follow-up strategy used in our institution for screening PSC-associated hepatobiliary malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort included MRCP studies in adult patients, with clinical and radiological diagnosis of PSC over the past 15-year period between January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2018. The study population was grouped based on the presence and absence of PSC-associated malignancy. The frequency of MRCP follow-up was compared between the groups to look for MRI ordering trends in surveillance for PSC-associated complications. RESULTS: The overall median interval follow-up with MRCP was 14 months. The median follow-up interval in cases with PSC-associated malignancy was 6.0 months, compared to 13.1 months in the PSC group without malignancy (p 0.013). During the study period, the PSC-associated malignancy group had a median number of 7.5 scans, while the no malignancy group had a median number of 4 scans. Three patients (3/10, 30%) developed hepatobiliary malignancies within the first year of clinical diagnosis of PSC. The most common malignancy associated with PSC was cholangiocarcinoma (4.6%,7/10). Other PSC-associated malignancies included carcinoma gallbladder (1.3%,2/10), and hepatocellular carcinoma (0.6%,1/10). The median age of PSC associated malignancies was 56 (IQR 15) and higher compared to median age of PSC group without malignancies 46 (IQR 25.5), p 0.035. CONCLUSION: The median interval for subsequent follow-up MRCP in our study cohort was 14 months. One-third of PSC-associated hepato-biliary malignancies developed within the first year of clinical diagnosis of PSC, and the risk of PSC-associated hepato-biliary malignancy is constant after the first year.